春日即事
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宋代]:吕本中
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病起多情白日迟,强来庭下探花期。
雪消池馆初春后,人倚栏杆欲暮时。
乱蝶狂蜂俱有意,兔葵燕麦自无知。
池边垂柳腰支活,折尽长条为寄谁?
春日即事译文及注释
译文
我病体初愈,带着极大的兴趣,勉强漫步庭院,探寻春天的消息;院中阳光明媚,日影缓缓西移。
池边的亭台楼阁积雪已经消融,透满了初春的活力;我留连忘返,倚着栏杆,一直到夕阳西下,暮云低迷。
那上下翻飞的蝴蝶,那嗡嗡盘旋的蜜蜂,似乎都充满了情意;满地的兔葵,丛生的燕麦,一个劲地长着,怎知我满腹的心思?
池塘边的垂柳在风中摇动着它婀娜的腰肢,我想把它折下送人,可心中的人啊,你此时又在何地?
注释
病起:病愈。
多情:指情志高。
白日迟:用《诗·豳风·七月》“春日迟迟”句,谓春日过得缓慢。
强:勉强。
池馆:池苑馆舍。
初春:春季的第一个月。又称孟春。
兔葵燕麦,两种植物名。语出刘禹锡《再游玄都观》诗,借以形容景象荒凉。
腰支:同“腰肢”。腰身;身段;体态。
长条:长的枝条。特指柳枝。
参考资料:
1、李梦生 .宋诗三百首全解 .上海 :复旦大学出版社,2007年5月1日
春日即事鉴赏
这首诗是吕本中的代表作,无论是抒情还是写景,都写得流转自然,为历来选家所重。
首句的“病起多情”是全诗的主脑,“病起”是身体状况,“多情”是因为病,因为春怀,还有门外的春景。一个人缠绵病榻多日,今天身体好些,能够出外走走,而外面是足以感人、使人留恋的初春美景,诗人自然多情。在这样的心情指导下,见到的景色也变得多情起来。于是,院中的白日、似乎迟迟不坠,将温暖的阳光洒满大地,让诗人尽情领略眼前的春光。首句写春日,照应节候,也是在室内很久的病人乍一出门的最直截的反应,写得很自然。次句“强来庭下探花期”是承首句说,“强来”是“病起”的进一步说明;“探花期”又是“多情”的表现。
次联依“庭下探花期”展开。诗人漫步庭院,欣赏着早春景色,只见病前所见的积雪都已消融,和暖的春风吹满大地,使人懒洋洋地,他便倚着栏杆,久久不想离去,一直到黄昏,太阳即将下山。前面已有“白日迟”句,此联又重说赏景到日暮还不走,他站的时间之久,对景色的多情就得到了深刻的描绘。诗在写景时不仅仅是注目风景,而是把自己嵌入景中,与景物融合成一片。因此宋张九成在《横浦日新录》中称赞说:“此自可入画。人之情意,物之容态,二句尽之。”诗也成为众口称赞的名联。
下一联又接上“人倚阑干”写。诗人倚栏杆这么久,看得这么细,他见到是眼前蜂蝶忙忙碌碌地飞来飞去,遍地长着兔葵、燕麦。诗在这里特地把“有意”与“无知”对举,蜂蝶是有意,为春色而繁忙,兔葵、燕麦是无知,默默地生长。诗人把自己的感情移入物中,使自然界的动植物都带有感情,衬托出自己的主观思想。钱钟书在《宋诗选注》中指出,这二句都有出处。出句是化用了李商隐《二月二日》:“花须柳眼各无赖,紫蝶黄蜂俱有情”句,也参考了杜甫《风雨看舟前落花戏为新句》中的“蜜蜂蝴蝶生情性”句。吕本中在这里借用,显然不单单是描写小昆虫的热闹,赞赏春天的蓬勃生气,而是由它们所交织成的气氛中,感叹自己的孤寂。对句是用刘禹锡《再游玄都观》诗序中的话:“重游玄都观,荡然无复一树,唯兔葵、燕麦动摇于春风耳。”也是藉此含蓄地寄托自己凄然的神思。
上联通过景色,加以主观情感,使诗进入一种幽独伤感的氛围,诗人伤春的情调已经流露出来,尾联就以情语作结,将前三联作一大收煞。诗说小池边的垂柳在春风中飘荡多姿,可我即使要去折它,折了又送给谁呢?古人有折柳送别的习惯,如唐王之涣《送别》云:“杨柳东门树,青青夹御河。近来攀折苦,应为别离多。”乐府有《折杨柳》专咏送别。这首诗由眼前的杨柳想到送别,而所送之人早已走了,如今不知流落在何方,于是又产生怀念,应接得很自然。更见功力的是,这样一结,成为全诗的点睛,原来诗人病起看花,倚栏留恋,感蜂蝶有情,叹葵麦无知,种种“多情”举动,都是因了怀人。心中所怀,不惟不见,连所怀之人在何处都不知道,让他不得不迷惘感伤、凄然泪下。
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禅堂》
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潘大临《
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江间作·其一》
吕本中简介
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吕本中(1084- 1145),字居仁,世称东莱先生,寿州人,诗人,词人,道学家. 诗属江西派.著有<<春秋集解>>,<<紫微诗话>>,<<东莱先生诗集>> 等. 词不传,今人赵万里<<校辑宋金元人词>> 辑有<<紫微词>>,<<全宋词>> 据之录词二十七首.吕本中诗数量较大,约一千二百七十首。
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