金陵五题·石头城
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唐代]：刘禹锡
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金陵五题·石头城译文及注释
译文译文一
群山依旧，环绕着废弃的故都，潮水如昔，拍打着寂寞的空城。
淮水东边，古老而清冷的圆月，夜半时分，窥视这昔日的皇宫。
译文二
城的东、南、西三面，依旧绵亘着高低起伏的群山，它那虎踞龙盘的姿态并未改变；北面的江潮，依旧拍打着城根，而后带着寂寞的心情退回。那声音仿佛在叹惜，昔日的繁华已经化为乌有。
从秦淮河东边升起的，还是过去那轮月亮。见证历史过后，在夜深人静之际，又心恋恋地爬过凹凸的城墙，小心翼翼来窥探着什么。
注释
石头城：位于今南京市西清凉山上，三国时孙吴就石壁筑城戍守，称石头城。后人也每以石头城指建业。曾为吴、东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈六朝都城，至唐废弃。今为南京市。
故国：即旧都。石头城在六朝时代一直是国都。
周遭：环绕。
淮水：指贯穿石头城的秦淮河。
旧时：指汉魏六朝时。
女墙：指石头城上的矮城。
参考资料：
1、陈国林．高中生必背古诗文：龙门书局出版社，2012年8月：68—69
金陵五题·石头城创作背景
刘禹锡写作这首诗时，大唐帝国已日趋衰败。朝廷里面，大臣相互排挤，出现了“牛李党争”，宦官专权依然如故；地方上藩镇割据势力又有所抬头。所以，他写这首诗的主旨，仍然是讽喻现实，即借六朝的灭亡，来抒发国运衰微的感叹，希望当时的统治者，能以前车之覆为鉴。
参考资料：
1、梁川等，《唐诗三百首鉴赏》：北京理工大学出版社，2008-05，第252-253页
金陵五题·石头城鉴赏
这首诗咏怀石头城，表面看句句写景，实际上句句抒情。诗人写了山、水、明月和城墙等荒凉景色，写景之中，深寓著诗人对六朝兴亡和人事变迁的慨叹，悲凉之气笼罩全诗。
诗一开始，就置读者于苍莽悲凉的氛围之中。
开头两句写江山如旧，而城已荒废。山围故国周遭在，首句写山。山围故国，故国即旧城，就是石头城，城外有山耸立江边，围绕如垣墙，所以说山围故国。周遭，环绕的意思。潮打空城寂寞回，这句写水。潮打空城，石头城西北有长江流过，江潮拍打石墙，但是，城已荒废，成了古迹，所以说潮打空城。这两句总写江山如旧，而石头城已荒芜，情调悲凉，感慨极深。
后两句写月照空城。淮水东边旧时月，旧时月，诗人特意标明旧时，是包含深意的。淮水，即秦淮河，横贯石头城，是六朝时代王公贵族们醉生梦死的游乐场所，这里曾经是彻夜笙歌、纸醉金迷、欢乐无尽的不夜城，那临照过六朝豪华之都的旧时月即是见证。然而曾几何时，富贵风流，转眼成空。如今只有那旧时月仍然从秦淮河东边升起，来照著这座空城，在夜深的时候，还过女墙来，依恋不舍地西落，这真是多情了。然而此情此景，却显得更加寂寞了。一个还字，意味深长。
李白《苏台览古》有句云：“只今惟有西江月，曾照吴王宫里人。”谓苏台已废，繁华已歇，惟有江月不改。其得力处在“只今惟有”四字。刘禹锡此诗也写江月，却并无“只今惟有”的限制词的强调，也无对怀古内容的明点。一切都被包含在“旧时月”、“还过”的含蓄语言之中，溶铸在具体意象之中，而诗境更浑厚、深远。
诗人把石头城放到沉寂的群山中写，放在带凉意的潮声中写，放到朦胧的月夜中写，这样尤能显示出故国的没落荒凉。只写山水明月，而六代繁荣富贵，俱归乌有。诗中句句是景，然而无景不融合着诗人故国萧条、人生凄凉的深沉感伤。
诗人在朝廷昏暗、权贵荒淫、宦官专权、藩镇割据、危机四伏的中唐时期，写下这首怀古之作，慨叹六朝之兴亡，显然是寓有引古鉴今的现实意义的。江城涛声依旧在，繁华世事不复再。诗人怀古抒情，希望君主能以前车之覆为鉴。
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刘禹锡简介
唐代·刘禹锡的简介
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刘禹锡（772－842），字梦得，汉族，中国唐朝彭城（今徐州）人，祖籍洛阳，唐朝文学家，哲学家，自称是汉中山靖王后裔，曾任监察御史，是王叔文政治改革集团的一员。唐代中晚期著名诗人，有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新，是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马（今湖南常德）。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。
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东京少长认维桑，书剑谁教入帝乡。一事无成空放逐，
故人相见重凄凉。楼台寂寞官河晚，人物稀疏驿路长。
莫怪临风惆怅久，十年春色忆维扬。