遣怀
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唐代]:杜牧
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落魄江南载酒行,楚腰纤细掌中轻。(江南一作:江湖;纤细一作:肠断)
遣怀译文及注释
译文
失意潦倒,携酒漂泊江湖,沉湎于楚灵王喜好的细腰女子和赵飞燕的轻盈舞姿。扬州十年的纵情声色,好像一场梦,醒悟回头,却在青楼女子这中落得一个薄情的名声。
注释
落魄:仕宦潦倒不得意,飘泊江湖。魄一作拓。楚腰:指细腰美女。《韩非子·二柄》:“楚灵王好细腰,而国中多饿人。”
掌中轻:汉成帝皇后赵飞燕“体轻,能为掌上舞”(《飞燕外传》)。
十年:一作三年。
青楼:旧指精美华丽的楼房,也指妓院。薄幸:薄情。
遣怀鉴赏
此追忆扬州岁月之作。杜牧于公元833-835年(文宗大和七年至九年)在淮南节度使牛僧孺幕府任推官,转掌书记,居扬州。当时他三十一、二岁,颇好宴游。从此诗看,他与扬州青楼女子多有来往,诗酒风流,放浪形骸。故日后追忆,乃有如梦如幻、一事无成之叹。这是诗人感慨人生自伤怀才不遇之作,非如某些文学史所论游戏人生,轻佻颓废,庸俗放荡之什。《唐人绝句精华》云:“才人不得见重于时之意,发为此诗,读来但见其兀傲不平之态。世称杜牧诗情豪迈,又谓其不为龊龊小谨,即此等诗可见其概。”
诗的前两句是昔日扬州生活的回忆:潦倒江湖,以酒为伴;秦楼楚馆,美女娇娃,过着放浪形骸的浪漫生活。“楚腰纤细掌中轻”,运用了两个典故。楚腰,指美人的细腰。“楚灵王好细腰,而国中多饿人”(《韩非子·二柄》)。掌中轻,指汉成帝皇后赵飞燕,“体轻,能为掌上舞”(见《飞燕外传》)。从字面看,两个典故,都是夸赞扬州妓女之美,但仔细玩味“落魄”两字,可以看出,诗人很不满于自己沉沦下僚、寄人篱下的境遇,因而他对昔日放荡生涯的追忆,并没有一种惬意的感觉。“十年一觉扬州梦”,这是发自诗人内心的慨叹,好像很突兀,实则和上面二句诗意是连贯的。“十年”和“一觉”在一句中相对,给人以“很久”与“极快”的鲜明对比感,愈加显示出诗人感慨情绪之深。而这感慨又完全归结在“扬州梦”的“梦”字上:往日的放浪形骸,沉湎酒色;表面上的繁华热闹,骨子里的烦闷抑郁,是痛苦的回忆,又有醒悟后的感伤。这就是诗人所“遣”之“怀”。忽忽十年过去,那扬州往事不过是一场大梦而已。“赢得青楼薄幸名”—最后竟连自己曾经迷恋的青楼也责怪自己薄情负心。“赢得”二字,调侃之中含有辛酸、自嘲和悔恨的感情。这是进一步对“扬州梦”的否定,可是写得却是那样貌似轻松而又诙谐,实际上诗人的精神是很抑郁的。十年,在人的一生中不能算短暂,自己却一事无成,丝毫没有留下什么。这是带着苦痛吐露出来的诗句,非再三吟哦,不能体会出诗人那种意在言外的情绪。
前人论绝句尝谓:“多以第三句为主,而第四句发之”(胡震亨《唐音癸签》),杜牧这首绝句,可谓深得其中奥妙。这首七绝用追忆的方法入手,前两句叙事,后两句抒情。三、四两句固然是“遣怀”的本意,但首句“落魄江湖载酒行”却是所遣之怀的原因,不可轻轻放过。前人评论此诗完全着眼于作者“繁华梦醒,忏悔艳游”,是不全面的。诗人的“扬州梦”生活,是与他政治上不得志有关。因此这首诗除忏悔之意外,大有前尘恍惚如梦,不堪回首之意。
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綦毋潜《
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春泛若耶溪》
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李商隐《
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贾生》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧(公元803-约852年),字牧之,号樊川居士,汉族,京兆万年(今陕西西安)人,唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”,以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅,故后世称“杜樊川”,著有《樊川文集》。
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