端居
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唐代]：李商隐
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端居译文及注释
译文
爱妻从远方的来信很久都没有收到了，我得不到家人音讯，只有在睡梦里才能回到家乡以解乡愁。可是中宵醒后，恍然发觉离别已是悠悠数年，顾望四周，只有空荡荡的床榻和寂寥凄寒的秋夜相对，不由得心生凄凉。
寂居异乡，平日少有人来往，阶前长满了青苔，那一片绿意和秋天的红叶在迷蒙雨色、朦胧夜月的笼罩下变得黯淡模糊，雨夜的凄寒、月色的冷清，又哪里比得上乡愁的磨人呢?
注释
端居：闲居。
素秋：秋天的代称。
端居鉴赏
这是作者滞留异乡、思念妻子之作。题目“端居”，即闲居之意。
诗人远别家乡和亲人，时间已经很久。妻子从远方的来信，是客居异乡寂寞生活的慰藉，但已很久没有见到它的踪影了。在这寂寥的清秋之夜，得不到家人音书的空廓虚无之感变得如此强烈，为寂寞所咬啮的灵魂便自然而然地想从“归梦”中寻求慰藉。即使是短暂的梦中相聚，也总可稍慰相思。但“路迢归梦难成”（李煜《清平乐》），一觉醒来，竟是悠悠相别经年，魂魄未曾入梦。“远书归梦两悠悠”，正是诗人在盼远书而不至、觅归梦而不成的情况下，从心灵深处发出的一声长长的叹息。“悠悠”二字，既形象地显示出远书、归梦的杳邈难期，也传神地表现出希望两皆落空时怅然若失的意态。而双方山川阻隔、别后经年的时间、空间远隔，也隐见于言外。
次句写中宵醒后寂寥凄寒的感受。“敌“字不仅突出“空床“与素秋“默默相对的寂寥清冷的氛围,而且表现出空床独寝的人无法承受“素秋“的清冷凄凉的情状,抒发了难以言状的凄怆之情。素秋，是秋天的代称。但它的暗示色彩却相当丰富。它使人联想起洁白清冷的秋霜、皎洁凄寒的秋月、明澈寒冽的秋水，联想起一切散发着萧瑟清寒气息的秋天景物。对于一个寂处异乡、“远书归梦两悠悠”的客子来说，这凄寒的“素秋”便不仅仅是引动愁绪的一种触媒，而且是对毫无慰藉的心灵一种不堪忍受的重压。然而，诗人可以用来和它对“敌”的却“只有空床”而已。清代冯浩《玉溪生诗笺注》引杨守智说：“‘敌’字险而稳。”这评语很精到。这里本可用一个比较平稳而浑成的“对”字。但“对”只表现“空床”与“素秋”默默相对的寂寥清冷之状，偏于客观描绘。而“敌”则除了含有“对”的意思之外，还兼传出空床独寝的人无法承受“素秋”的清寥凄寒意境，而又不得不承受的那种难以言状的心灵深处的凄怆，那种凄神寒骨的感受，更偏于主观精神状态的刻画。试比较李煜“罗衾不耐五更寒”（《浪淘沙》），便可发现这里的“敌”字虽然下得较硬较险，初读似感刻露，但细味则感到它在抒写客观环境所给予人的主观感受方面，比“不耐”要深细、隽永得多，而且它本身又是准确而妥帖的。这就和离开整体意境专以雕琢字句为能事者有别。
三、四两句从室内的“空床”移向室外的“青苔”、“红树”。但并不是客观地描绘，而是移情入景，使客观景物对象化，带上浓厚的主观色彩。寂居异乡，平日很少有人来往，阶前长满了青苔，更显出寓所的冷寂。红树，则正是暮秋特有的景象。青苔、红树，色调本来是比较明丽的，但由于是在夜间，在迷蒙雨色、朦胧夜月的笼罩下，色调便不免显得黯淡模糊。在满怀愁绪的诗人眼里，这“阶下青苔与红树”似乎也在默默相对中呈现出一种无言的愁绪和清冷寥落的意态。这两句中“青苔”与“红树”，“雨中”与“月中”，“寥落”与“愁”，都是互文错举。“雨中”与“月中”，似乎不大可能是同一夜间出现的景象。但当诗人面对其中的一幅图景时（假定是月夕），自不妨同时在心中浮现先前经历过的另一幅图景（雨夕）。这样把眼前的实景和记忆中的景色交织在一起，无形中将时间的内涵扩展延伸了，暗示出像这样地中宵不寐，思念远人已非一夕。同时，这三组词两两互文错举，后两组又句中自对，又使诗句具有一种回环流动的美。如果联系一开头的“远书”、“归梦”来体味，那么这“雨中寥落月中愁”的青苔、红树，似乎还可以让读者联想起相互远隔的双方“各在天一涯”默默相思的情景。风雨之夕，月明之夜，胸怀愁绪而寥落之情难以排遣，不禁令人满腹怅然，亦生怜惜之心。
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怀渑池寄子瞻兄》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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吴与弼
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峭拔立云端，能生逆旅欢。但惜世无摩诘手，不能移向画图看。