卜算子·天生百种愁
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宋代]：徐俯
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天生百种愁，挂在斜阳树。绿叶阴阴占得春，草满莺啼处。
不见生尘步。空忆如簧语。柳外重重叠叠山，遮不断、愁来路。
卜算子·天生百种愁鉴赏
“天生百种愁”，词一开头，就将胸中万斛愁情，喷薄而出，这也是和花间委婉含蓄的抒情风格所不同的。愁本胸中，怎么会挂斜阳树呢？这句看似无理的话，实际上表达的是一种趋近极致的感情，亦有所本。境界相对静止，没有强烈的动词，写的是所思之人远山外，词人举目远望，唯见斜阳照处，烟雾迷茫，绿树青山，好似披挂着满树愁绪。词人触景生情，于是就产生这种形似无理、实却情深的语言。
“绿叶”二句承上语意，描写词人所见景物：树上绿叶，树下芳草，还有那飞舞其间的啼莺，都是当时的景致。由于词发端情绪激越，至此则略一顿挫，节奏上趋于舒缓和平稳。就词意而言，说的是先以愁人之眼观树，遂觉满树愁情，而今冷静观察，才知树自为树，人自为人。“自得春”三字，下得极妙。绿树芳草，欣欣向荣；黄莺当春，自鸣得意，与人邈不相涉，唯达其理者体其情也。这里虽宕开一笔，但却使词有了更深的意味。
下片开始具体写所愁的内容：“不见凌波步，空忆如簧语。”从这两句看，主人公怀念的是一位绝色佳人。此词，由于笔墨有限，不能对佳人之美作细致的描绘，往往只是拣最传神的地方点染几笔；这位佳人轻盈的步履、美妙的声音，一直萦回主人翁的胸臆。因被重重叠叠的山峦所遮断，佳人亿而不见，便产生难以排解的愁怨。这两句既与起首二句相映射，也逗引起结尾二句，为实写。
结尾两句“柳外重重叠叠山，遮不断、愁来路”是用借喻手法来写愁。徐俯这里是说，愁自外面向主体袭来，要借客体的力量把它挡住。他用山来构成重重叠叠的屏障，企图阻挡忧愁的侵袭；然而仍然阻挡不住，则愁之深重，更加可想而知了。愁的来路为何和山有关，盖因所思之人斜阳外、山那边，这里是照应开头。起首以树比愁，结尾以山遮愁，前后照应，浑然一体。这个借喻新奇工巧，历来为人所称道。
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赵善庆《
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温庭筠《
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菩萨蛮·蕊黄无限当山额》
徐俯简介
唐代·徐俯的简介
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徐俯（1075～1141）宋代官员，江西派著名诗人之一。字师川，自号东湖居士，原籍洪州分宁（江西修水县）人，后迁居德兴天门村。徐禧之子，黄庭坚之甥。因父死于国事，授通直郎，累官右谏议大夫。绍兴二年（1132），赐进士出身。三年，迁翰林学士，擢端明殿学士，签书枢密院事，官至参知政事。后以事提举洞霄宫。工诗词，著有《东湖集》，不传。
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