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导读：拉瓦尔品第 Rawalpindi巴基斯坦北部旁遮普省城市，位于伊斯兰堡西南。古代属阿开民波斯帝国。塔克西拉古城已确认在附近的废墟。它扼守着通往克什米尔的道路，曾是英国重要的军事基地所在地，战略地位十分重要。1959～1969年为巴基斯坦首
拉瓦尔品第 Rawalpindi
巴基斯坦北部旁遮普省城市，位于伊斯兰堡西南。古代属阿开民波斯帝国。塔克西拉古城已确认在附近的废墟。它扼守着通往克什米尔的道路，曾是英国重要的军事基地所在地，战略地位十分重要。1959～1969年为巴基斯坦首都，是巴基斯坦军队总部所在地，也是一个行政、商业和工业中心。该地区主要种植小麦、大麦、玉米和粟等农作物。城市南部曼基亚尔为公元前3世纪的佛塔@堵波遗址。人口795,000(1981)。
可知找一些圣诞节的背景资料，以及圣诞节的各种圣诞传统。从而从多方面的介绍圣诞节。
范文如下：
1、On this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees
圣诞节当天，许多人会去教堂，在圣诞节，他们还会交换礼物，及用冬青、榭寄生和圣诞树来装饰自己的家。
2、This refers to the tradition of decorating a pine tree using lights, tinsels, garlands, ornaments, candy canes, etc Today, a Christmas tree is an indispensable part of Christmas celebration
这个传统指的是用彩灯、金箔、花环、饰品、糖果条等装扮松树。现如今，圣诞树也是欢庆节日不可或缺的一部分。
扩展资料
圣诞节介绍常用英语短语
1、Preparation of the Christmas cake
烘烤圣诞蛋糕。
2、Decorating the Christmas tree
装扮圣诞树。
3、Lighting up the Christmas candle
点燃圣诞蜡烛。
4、Distributing Christmas candies
分发圣诞糖果。
5、Christmas is one of the most beautiful holidays of all time It is the day when God's son was born on earth Hence, this day is sacred for all Christians around the world The Christmas season gives rise to a number of Christmas traditions that come along
圣诞节一直是个美好的节日。这是上帝之子诞生的日子，因此对世界各地的基督徒来说，这一天是非常神圣的。圣诞季节自然少不了各种圣诞传统。
night的英文原意是“夜”的意思。
evening的英文原意是是“晚上”的意思。
所以，good night是“晚安”，good evening是“晚上好”
英语的全球分布
全世界说英语的国家和地区共有175个。以英语作为官方语言的有：英国、澳大利亚、巴哈马群岛、博茨瓦纳（但国语是Setswana）、加拿大（连同法语）、斐济（但是国语是斐济语）、中国香港（连同普通话、粤语）、肯尼亚（连同Kiswahili）、基里巴斯、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦（国语是乌尔都语）、巴巴多斯、百慕大、爱尔兰（但是第二语言，第一语言是爱尔兰语）、南非（连同南非荷兰语、 Ndebele、N英语国家分布orthern Sotho、梭托语、斯威士语、Tsonga、茨瓦纳语、Venda、班图语、祖鲁语）、新西兰（习惯上的官方语言；其它法律规定的是毛利语）、新加坡（连同马来语、泰米尔语和汉语。国语是马来语）、菲律宾、冈比亚、圭亚那、牙买加、圣克里斯多福及尼维斯、特立尼达和多巴哥、波多黎各（连同西班牙语）、赞比亚、纳米比亚、美国的部分地区。[美国联邦政府没有一种官方语言；英语是习惯上的第一语言，而不是法律上规定的。英语在下列州或地区是官方语言：阿拉巴马州、亚利桑那州、阿肯色州、科罗拉多州、佛罗里达州、乔治亚州、夏威夷州（连同夏威夷语）、伊利诺州、印地安那州、肯塔基州、路易斯安那州、密西西比州、蒙大拿州、内布拉斯加州、新罕布什尔州、新墨西哥州（连同西班牙语）、北卡罗莱纳州、北达科他州、南卡罗莱那州、南达科他州、田纳西州、维吉尼亚州、怀俄明州]、马耳他、加纳、尼日利亚。苏丹（连同阿拉伯语）、南苏丹共和国（连同阿拉伯语）
另外，英语在欧洲、中国及日本是最普遍作为外语来学习的语言（326%），接着是葡萄牙语、德语和西班牙语。基本英语是为了国际交流使用的简化了的英语。它通常被一些飞机厂商和其它国际商业用作写手册和交流。东亚的一些学校把它作为基础英语来教授。
以英语作为母语的国家：
英国、美国、澳大利亚、巴哈马、爱尔兰、巴巴多斯、百慕大、圭亚那、牙买加、新西兰、圣克里斯多福及尼维斯和特立尼达和多巴哥
参考资料
英语360[引用时间2017-12-20]
巴基斯坦
Pakistan
位于南亚次大陆西北部的共和国。全称巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国
。面积7961万平方千米
。人口121亿（1993）。旁遮普人占63％，信德人占18％，巴丹人占11％，俾路支人占4％。乌尔都语为国语，通用英语。97％
的居民信伊斯兰教，大部属逊尼派
，次为什叶派
；少数人信奉基督教和印度教 。首都伊斯兰堡。
巴基斯坦国旗国徽
地图：巴基斯坦
地理 东接克什米尔与印度 ，东北与中国毗邻，西北与阿富汗接壤，西邻伊朗，南濒阿拉伯海。全境60％为高原 、丘陵，西北高，东南低。山势高峻陡峭，一般海拔3500米以上，最高峰蒂里奇米尔峰，海拔7690米。最大河流印度河，自北向南纵贯全境，长达2300千米，流域面积约52万平方千米。除南部为热带气候外，其余属亚热带气候，全境年均气温27℃。
巴基斯坦的汉隆峡谷
真纳墓地（巴基斯坦）
首都伊斯兰堡市容
历史 巴基斯坦是世界古代文明发祥地之一。远古时期 ，今巴基斯坦境内产生过古老的哈拉帕文化 。印度-雅利安人以此为基地向恒河流域扩张。孔雀王朝、贵霜帝国、笈多王朝、戒日王朝在此建立过统治。8世纪起 ，伊斯兰教经此传入印度 。 1206～1526年 ，北印度伊斯兰教区域建立德里苏丹国 。1526 ～1858 年，莫卧儿王朝统治南亚次大陆绝大部分地区。1858年整个南亚次大陆沦为英国殖民地。
1940 年3月全印穆斯林联盟的拉合尔会议通过要求建立巴基斯坦的决议。1947年6月英国公布“蒙巴顿方案”
，同意印度、巴基斯坦分治 。同年8月14 日巴基斯坦宣告独立 。领土包括印度两侧的东巴基斯坦和西巴基斯坦 。1956年3月23日，巴基斯坦颁布第一部宪法，定国名为巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国，仍为英联邦成员国，1972年退出。
1971年3月东巴基斯坦宣布脱离巴基斯坦 ，成立孟加拉人民共和国。
政治 巴基斯坦现行宪法于1973年4月由国民议会通过 ，8月生效。1977年军管后中止实施 。1989年人民党执政后恢复实施。宪法规定：总统有权任免军队首脑、法官和解散议会，总理由国民议会选举产生 。总统法鲁克 · 艾哈迈德·莱加利1993年11月就任
。1991年7月通过对宪法的第十二次修订，规定联邦政府有权设立特别法庭和上诉法庭，以打击犯罪，整治社会治安。
议会为国家立法机构 。1947 年建国后长期为一院制
。1973年宪法颁布后实行两院制，由国民议会（下院）和参议院（上院）组成。国民议会通过普选产生，参议院按每省议席均等的原则，由省议会和国民议会遴选产生。
1997年2月组成的巴基斯坦政府，总理MN谢里夫。
巴基斯坦政党林立，派系众多。主要全国性大党有：①伊斯兰民主联盟，简称伊民盟。1988年10月成立。②巴基斯坦穆斯林联盟，简称穆盟 ，1986年由穆盟帕加罗派(从1906年真纳当年领导的全印穆斯林联盟演化出来的一派）改组而成。③移民民族运动，简称移民运动，1978年成立。④全国人民党，1986年成立。⑤巴基斯坦人民党，简称人民党。
经济 以农业为主 。1992 ～ 1993 年度国内生产总值13593亿卢比。货币单位为巴基斯坦卢比 ，3008卢比兑1美元（1993年11月28日）。
巴基斯坦主要矿藏有天然气、石油、铁、铜、铝土，还有大量的铬矿、大理石和宝石 。森林覆盖率仅38％ 。最大的工业部门为棉纺织业，其他有毛纺织、制糖、造纸、烟草、制革、机器制造、化肥、水泥、电力、天然气、石油等。主要农作物有小麦、水稻、玉米、甘蔗、棉花等。主要畜产品有牛奶、牛羊肉、羊毛等。巴基斯坦交通运输以公路为主 。公路和空运网的增长远快于铁路。卡拉奇和卡西姆为两大国际港口 。4个国际机场是伊斯兰堡 、卡拉奇、拉合尔和白沙瓦。巴旅游业发展较慢，旅游者多为定居于欧美的巴基斯坦人或海湾国家的游客。主要旅游点有卡拉奇、拉合尔、白沙瓦、拉瓦尔品第、伊斯兰堡、奎塔费萨拉巴德等地。
巴基斯坦外贸连年逆差。进口石油及石油制品、机械和交通设备、钢铁产品、化肥和电器 。主要出口棉花、大米 、纺织品、皮革制品和地毯等 。主要贸易对象为日本、英国 、德国 、美国和沙特阿拉伯 。巴基斯坦经济建设主要靠外援 ，援款中81％来自援巴财团，19％来自其他国家和伊斯兰友好国家。
文化教育 实行中、小学免费教育。文盲率为66％ 。政府正大力提高识字率，改善大中专学校的教育条件。高等学府有伊斯兰堡真纳大学、旁遮普大学、卡拉奇大学和白沙瓦大学。英文报纸有《黎明报》、《巴基斯坦时报》、《穆斯林报》和《国民报》等；乌尔都文报纸有《战斗报》、《时代之声》和《东方报》等。通讯社有国营的巴基斯坦联合通讯社和私营的巴基斯坦国际通讯社。巴基斯坦广播公司有16个电台，对外用14种语言广播。
对外关系 巴基斯坦奉行独立和不结盟外交政策 ，注重发展同伊斯兰国家和中国的关系，致力于维护南亚地区和平与稳定；在加强同第三世界国家团结合作的同时，发展同西方国家的关系。
巴基斯坦与中国于1951年5月21日建交后两国关系密切，人员互访频繁。
巴基斯坦与印度的关系的焦点为查谟- 克什米尔地区的归属问题。两国曾于1947 、1965和1971年发生战争 。1971年两国断交，1976年复交 。1991年4月印巴外交秘书举行第4 轮会谈 ，签署 避免侵犯 领空和预报 军事演习两项协议 。1992 年2月两国总理会晤 ，彼此表示将努力改善两国关系 。同月 ，查谟-克什米尔解放阵线组织跨线进军行动 ，导致巴印关系紧张，5月两国爆发外交驱逐战。6月两国总理又表示愿意采取措施缓和两国关系。巴印关系因巴布里清真寺被毁，再度紧张。
1992年4月，阿富汗伊斯兰政府成立后 ，巴基斯坦总理谢里夫访阿，努力推动阿各派消除分歧，尽快实现和平以重建家园；同时，向阿富汗提供大量经济援助，对阿的局势发展起了重要作用。
巴基斯坦与美国于1954年曾签订共同防御援助协定及双边防御协定。1990年两国关系趋于冷淡。由于巴基斯坦在海湾危机时积极支持阿拉伯国家反对伊拉克侵略，与阿拉伯国家的关系进一步加强。巴基斯坦同前苏联各共和国保持友好合作的关系。
1中国 China
2阿富汗 Afghanistan
3阿根廷 Argentina
4埃及 Egypt
5奥地利 Austria
6澳大利亚 Australia
7巴基斯坦 Pakistan
8巴西 Brazil
9白俄罗斯 Belarus
10丹麦 Denmark
11德国 Germany
12俄罗斯 Russia
13菲律宾 Philippines
14加拿大 Canada
15马尔代夫 Maldives
16美国 United States
17日本 Japan
18英国 United Kingdom
扩展资料:
China，现为“中国”和“瓷器”的英文译名。陶瓷最初的称呼是“Chinaware”，直译：中国瓦。陶瓷产品，古称瓦器（古时凡以土烧制成的陶土器皿，皆可称“瓦”）。China放在ware之前，可知China初无瓷器一义；后来省略ware，小写其字头，简称瓷器为china；获得瓷器之义，已经是晚清的事了。
Benazir Bhutto: A profile
The eldest of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s four children, Benazir Bhutto was born in Karachi on June 21, 1953 Her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto was of Kurdish-Iranian origin while her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, a Sindhi and a key figure in Pakistan’s Independence Movement
She attended Lady Jennings Nursery School and then the Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi After two years of schooling at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree She passed her O-level examinations at the age of 15
In April 1969, she was admitted to Harvard University’s Radcliffe College In June 1973, she graduated from Harvard with a degree in political science During her time at college, she was a member of Phi Beta Kappa She attended Oxford University in the autumn of 1973 and graduated with an MA degree in philosophy, politics, and economics She was elected President of the prestigious Oxford Union
After completing university education, she returned to Pakistan shortly before her father was overthrown by General Ziaul Haq on July 5, 1977 She campaigned for her imprisoned father in 1977-79 along with her mother Nusrat Bhutto, who became chairperson of the PPP From 1977 to 1984 she suffered long periods in detention She provided a detailed account of this traumatic period in her autobiography: ‘Daughter of the East’ (1988)
Having been allowed in 1984 to go back to the United Kingdom, she became leader in exile of the PPP but was unable to make her political presence felt in Pakistan until the death of General Ziaul Haq on August 17, 1988 despite receiving a tumultuous homecoming in April 1986
In July 1987, she married Asif Zardari, a member of a landowning family from Sindh
Her party won 1988 elections although it did not obtain an absolute majority and much her energy was dissipated by her conflict with Punjab Chief Minister Nawaz Sharif, who was also leader of the national opposition Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (Islamic Democratic Alliance) Following the collapse of the PPP-Muttahida Qaumi Movement alliance in October 1989, there was mounting ethnic violence in her home province The May 1990 Pucca Qila incident in Hyderabad intensified the violence throughout Sindh President Ghulam Ishaq Khan cited the deteriorating law and order situation when he dismissed the Bhutto government on August 6, 1990 Benazir Bhutto was charged with corruption and misuse of power, while her husband was arrested on a kidnap charge
When Nawaz Sharif became prime minister of the country after the October 1990 elections, there was continuous conflict between him and Benazir Bhutto during the next two years In January 1993, however, a more conciliatory atmosphere emerged which saw Benazir Bhutto elected as chair of the National Assembly’s Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs Zardari was released on bail shortly afterwards
Benazir Bhutto returned to power following the October 1993 polls after the president dismissed Nawaz Sharif, his reinstatement by the Supreme Court in May and the deal brokered by the army in which both the president and premier resigned Benazir’s relations with her mother were strained over her becoming sole PPP chair and by claim of her brother Murtaza Bhutto to his father’s political legacy when he returned from exile in November 1993
The greatest threats to her government however emanated from the 1994-95 unchecked violence in Karachi and the deteriorating economic situation in 1996 She was dismissed from office by President Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari in November 1996 and her husband was arrested in connection with the death of her brother along with his six supporters in an encounter with police on September 19, 1996 as well as of accepting kickbacks Again accused of nepotism and corruption, Benazir Bhutto was placed under house arrest, though never officially charged with anything
It was during Benazir Bhutto’s rule that the Taliban gained prominence in Afghanistan due to her support Benazir and the Taliban were openly opposed to each other when it came to social issues, however, she saw the Taliban as a group that could stabilise Afghanistan and then allow economic access to trade with Central Asian Republics Her government provided military and financial support for the Taliban, even as far as sending a very small number of the army into Afghanistan The Taliban took power in Kabul in September 1996
<xml:namespace prefix = o />Less than a year later, she again attempted to regain power but in February 1997 elections, Nawaz Sharif celebrated a landslide victory over the PPP as his Pakistan Muslim League (PML) won a resounding 134 of 217 seats in the National Assembly while the PPP was reduced to a mere 19 seats and virtually erased from the Punjab AssemblyIn 1999, Benazir and Zardari were convicted of corruption Benazir appealed the verdict while living in exile in England and the United Arab Emirates In 2001, the Supreme Court set aside the corruption charges against the couple and ordered their retrial but a Swiss court convicted them of money laundering in 2003
Benazir was barred from running in the 2002 parliamentary elections Zardari was released from prison in 2004 and Benazir and her three children (Bilawal Zardari, Bakhtawar Zardari and Asifa Zardari) reunited with Zardari in December 2004 after more than five years
Since then, Benazir and her family lived in Dubai, where she cared for her children and her mother, who is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease From Dubai she travelled around the world giving lectures and keeping in touch with the PPP supportersOn the request of the Pakistan government, Interpol issued a request for her arrest and that of her husband in 2006 She is a dual national with Pakistani and British citizenship
In 2002, General Pervez Musharraf introduced a new amendment to the Constitution, banning prime ministers from serving more than two terms This disqualifies Benazir from ever holding the office again However, the PPP got the highest number of votes and 62 seats in the National Assembly in the October 2002 general elections
Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan from the UAE on October 18, 2007 and millions of people from across the country gathered in Karachi to welcome her She was leading her homecoming process along with other party leaders onboard a bullet-proof lorry when a bomb blast occurred her vehicle, killing nearly 150 people She was leading her party in January 8, 2007 elections and filed her nomination papers to contest election to the National Assembly on two seats
However, she also filed her nomination for election on a reserved seat for women
On December 27, 2007 she was assassinated while leaving the venue of a rally she addressed in Rawalpindi’s Liaquat Bagh, where first prime minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan was shot dead while addressing a public meeting on October 16, 1951
She has left behind two daughters and a son to mourn her death while her mother is bed-ridden for years and is currently in Dubai
Benazir Bhutto is the author of two books, ‘Foreign Policy in Perspective’ (1978) and her autobiography, ‘Daughter of the East’ (1989) Several collections of her speeches and works have been compiled, including ‘The Way Out’ (1988) Three books about Benazir have been published in India: ‘Benazir’s Pakistan’ (1989); ‘The Trial of Benazir’ (1989); and ‘Benazir Bhutto: Opportunities and Challenges’ (1989)
1巴基斯坦大城市
卡拉奇 Karachi
伊斯兰堡 Islamabad
拉合尔 Lahore
拉瓦尔品第Rawalpindi
白沙瓦 Bahawalpur
费萨拉巴德 Faisalabad
木尔丹（木尔坦）Multan
海德拉巴Hyderabad
苏库尔 Sukkur
吉尔吉特 Gujrat
奎达 Quetta
2以色列城市
耶路撒冷Jerusalem
海法Haifa
特拉维夫—雅法Tel Aviv-Yafo
