牧童词
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唐代]：张籍
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远牧牛，绕村四面禾黍稠。
陂中饥乌啄牛背，令我不得戏垄头。
入陂草多牛散行，白犊时向芦中鸣。
隔堤吹叶应同伴，还鼓长鞭三四声。
牛牛食草莫相触，官家截尔头上角。
牧童词译文及注释
译文
村外草地去放牛，我看见村庄四面庄稼绿油油。
山坡上乌鸦饥饿啄牛背，害得我不敢游戏和翻跟头。
山坡上草多牛儿不抬头，白牛犊儿向着芦苇丛中叫个不停。
吹一声芦叶回应堤那边的同伴，甩几下长鞭浑身乐悠悠。
牛啊牛，你只管吃草可千万不要斗，你头上的角啊，皇帝有用要征收。
注释
牧童词：犹牧童歌。
稠：茂盛。
陂（bēi）：池泽边的坡岸。
啄牛背：牛背上寄生有虮虱，鸟落在牛背上啄食之。
戏：玩耍。
垄（lǒng）头：田埂。
犊：小牛。
吹叶：用叶子自制的小哨，吹以取乐。
应同伴：和其他牧童遥相呼应。
鼓：甩响鞭。
触：抵触，两牛抵角争斗。
截：截割。
参考资料：
1、郑庆笃．唐诗选 名家导读版：山东文艺出版社，2007.07：232
2、钱仓水．丑牛耕春：中国时代经济出版社，2003.01：86
牧童词创作背景
作者所处的时代，唐朝已经由兴盛逐渐走向衰落。中原广大地区内战频繁，人畜都要担负空前沉重的徭役负担；送粮运草，长途跋涉，牛瘦人饥，再加上官家逼催紧迫，许多瘦牛都会磨得领背出血、化脓。乌鸦喜欢啄食腥秽的腐肉，嗅味而来，所以才会有“饥乌啄牛背”的情况发生。作者为反映这一现实状况，巧妙地借助孩提未尽的牧童说出，作下了该诗。
参考资料：
1、傅经顺．唐宋文学欣赏：陕西人民出版社，1982.11：56-57
牧童词鉴赏
诗的前两句，作者先交待了牧童到远处放牛的原因。“绕村四面禾黍稠”，村子周围都是庄稼地，禾苗长势正好，为了避免牛群祸害庄稼，牧童只好到远处放牛，这两句在逻辑上采用了倒置的手法，先写果后写因，突出了“远牧牛”这个结果，后文也正是围绕牧牛展开。
“陂中饥鸟啄牛背，令我不得戏垅头。”牧童把牛赶到了水草丰美的河边陂岸，本来是想让牛专心吃草，不用担心它们会糟蹋庄稼，这样他就能和伙伴们一起嬉戏玩耍了。结果，陂中有很多饥饿的水鸟，它们不停地落在牛背上啄食虫虱，牧童不得不留下来看顾牛群，不停地驱赶鸟雀，其郁闷的心情可想而知。这两句写出了牧童抱怨的情绪。
“人陂草多牛散行，白犊时向芦中鸣。”因为陂中“草多”，所以牛群时常走散，在芦苇丛中的白色牛犊还不时地抬头朝空中长鸣。这说明牧牛也不是一件容易的事情，但在儿童眼里，这艰苦的劳动里倒也有不少乐趣。正因为牛群走散，牧童们必须分开寻牛。为了彼此联络，告知对方自己所在的位置，他们“隔堤吹叶应同伴”；为了管束牛群，牧童还要不时地“还鼓长鞭三三四声”。这两句把寻牛、赶牛的过程写得生动有趣，富有立体感与生活感。
诗到这里，还只是单纯的叙事写景，除了生活情趣的盎然和儿童的天真娇憨之态令人印象深刻，似乎也没什么特别之处。但是，张籍的乐府诗往往会在有限的篇幅中叙写情事，只在篇尾以二句话作结，正符合白居易在《新乐府序》中对新乐府诗歌的创作要求：“首句标其目，卒章显其志，诗三百之义也。”
牧童一边挥鞭，一边警告牛群：“你们不要再继续打斗了，否则一旦被官府发现，就会有官兵来截断你们头上的角。”以官兵来恐吓牛群，足见牧童心性的天真、单纯。
全诗自然清新，构思新颖，以儿童天真的口吻揭露了黑暗的社会现实，达到了更强烈的讽刺效果。
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纳兰性德《
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唐代·张籍的简介
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张籍（约767～约830），唐代诗人。字文昌，汉族，和州乌江（今安徽和县）人，郡望苏州吴（今江苏苏州）1 。先世移居和州，遂为和州乌江（今安徽和县乌江镇）人。世称“张水部”、“张司业”。张籍的乐府诗与王建齐名，并称“张王乐府”。著名诗篇有《塞下曲》《征妇怨》《采莲曲》《江南曲》。1 《张籍籍贯考辨》认为，韩愈所说的“吴郡张籍”乃谓其郡望，并引《新唐书·张籍传》、《唐诗纪事》、《舆地纪胜》等史传材料，驳苏州之说而定张籍为乌江人。
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