《齐宣王见颜斶》翻译及注释
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两汉：佚名
齐宣王见颜斶，曰：“斶前！”斶亦曰：“王前！”宣王不说。左右曰：“王，人君也。斶，人臣也。王曰‘斶前’，亦曰‘王前’，可乎？”斶对曰：“夫斶前为慕势，王前为趋士。与使斶为慕势，不如使王为趋士。”王忿然作色曰：“王者贵乎？士贵乎？”对曰：“士贵耳，王者不贵。”王曰：“有说乎？”斶曰：“有。昔者秦攻齐，令曰：‘有敢去柳下季垄五十步而樵采者，死不赦。’令曰：‘有能得齐王头者，封万户侯，赐金千镒。’由是观之，生王之头，曾不若死士之垄也。”宣王默然不悦。
译文： 齐宣王召见齐人颜斶，说：“颜斶，上前来！”颜斶也说：“大王，上前来！”宣王很不高兴。左右近臣说：“大王是人君，你是人臣；大王说，‘颜斶，上前来！‘你也说，‘大王，上前来！’可以吗？”颜斶回答说：“我上前是趋炎附势，大王上前是礼贤下士；与其让我趋炎附势，不如让大王礼贤天下士。”宣王怒容满面，说：“是王尊贵，还是士尊贵？”颜斶回答说：“士尊贵，王并不尊贵。”宣王说：“可有什么道理吗？”颜斶说：“有，从前秦国进攻齐国，秦王下令说：‘有人敢在柳下季墓地五十步内砍柴的，判以死罪，不予赦免。’又下令说：‘有人能砍下齐王的头的，封邑万户，赐金二万两。’由此看来，活王的头，还不如死士的墓。”宣王听了，一声不吭，很不高兴。
注释： 颜斶：齐国隐士。前：到前面来。趋士：礼贤下士。去：距离。柳下季：即柳下惠，姓展名禽字季，鲁国贤人，居于柳下。垄：指坟墓。
左右皆曰：“斶来，斶来！大王据千乘之地，而建千石锺，万石虡。天下之士，仁义皆来役处；辩士并进，莫不来语；东西南北，莫敢不服。求万物无不备具，而百姓无不亲附。今夫士之高者，乃称匹夫，徒步而处农亩，下则鄙野、监门、闾里，士之贱也，亦甚矣！”
译文： 左右近臣都说：“颜斶过来！过来！大王拥有万乘大国的土地。立有千石重的大钟，万石重的钟架；天下知仁行义的士人都来到齐国，为齐王服务；有口才有智谋的人莫不来到齐国，发挥他们的才能；四方诸侯莫敢不服；齐王所要的东西无不齐备；全国百姓无不拥护。可现在，一般所谓高尚之士，不过称作匹夫、‘徒步’等鄙贱之人而已，他们身处农村；等而下之者，也不过是些边远地方里巷的看门人而已。士人这样下贱呀，也真是够呛了。”
注释： 石：古代的计量单位，一百二十斤为一石。钟：乐器。簴：古代悬挂乐器的架子中间的木柱。役处：效力，供事。知：智，有才智的人。无不：原作“不”，据黄丕烈《札记》补。百姓：原作“百”，据黄丕烈《札记》补。
斶对曰：“不然。斶闻古大禹之时，诸侯万国。何则？德厚之道，得贵士之力也。故舜起农亩，出于岳鄙，而为天子。及汤之时，诸侯三千。当今之世，南面称寡者，乃二十四。由此观之，非得失之策与？稍稍诛灭，灭亡无族之时，欲为监门、闾里，安可得而有乎哉？是故《易传》不云乎。’居上位，未得其实，以喜其为名者，必以骄奢为行。据慢骄奢，则凶中之。是故无其实而喜其名者削，无德而望其福者约，无功而受其禄者辱，祸必握。’故曰：‘矜功不立，虚愿不至。’此皆幸乐其名，华而无其实德者也。是以尧有九佐，舜有七友，禹有五丞，汤有三辅，自古及今而能虚成名于天下者，无有。是以君王无羞亟问，不愧下学；是故成其道德而扬功名于后世者，尧、舜、禹、汤、周文王是也。故曰：‘无形者，形之君也。无端者，事之本也。’夫上见其原，下通其流，至圣人明学，何不吉之有哉！老子曰：‘虽贵，必以贱为本；虽高，必以下为基。是以侯王称孤寡不谷，是其贱必本于？’非夫孤寡者，人之困贱下位也，而侯王以自谓，岂非下人而尊贵士与？夫尧传舜，舜传傅禹，周成王任周公旦，而世世称曰明主，是以明乎士之贵也。”
译文： 颜斶回答说：“不对。我听说，古之大禹时代，诸侯有万国。为什么会这样呢？是由于他们掌握了一套重教化、治国、爱民的办法，并且重视士人，善于发挥他们的才能。所以舜帝出身于农民，发迹于穷乡僻壤，终成为天子。到了商汤时代，诸侯也有三千。可是到了现在，称孤道寡的只不过二十四家。由此看来，这难道不是由于‘得士’和‘失士’的政策造成的吗？如果诸侯渐渐地被杀戮、被消灭，到那时，就是想要做个里巷的看门人，又怎么可能呢？所以，《易经》上不是这样说吗：‘高高在上的统治者，如果不重视士人，善于运用他们的才能，做些踏踏实实的工作，只是一味地喜欢弄虚作假，标榜虚名，他们必然走入骄傲奢侈的岐途；骄傲奢侈，灾祸必然随之而来。所以没有实际效用，却只喜欢空名的，国土将日益削减，国力将日益衰弱；没有好的德行，却希望幸福的，必然处境困窘；没有建立功勋，却只图享受俸禄的，必然蒙受侮辱。这一切必然招致严重的祸害。所以说‘好人喜功者，必定不能建立功业；空言而无行者，终究不能实现他的愿望。’这都是爱虚名、好浮夸，无治国爱民实效者的必然下场。所以尧有九佐，舜有七友，禹有五丞，汤有三辅。自古至今，如果不得到士人辅助而能建功立业的，从未有过。所以国君不应该以经常向人请教为耻辱，不应该以向别人学习而感到渐愧。因此，言行符合社会的规律，德才兼备，而能传扬功名于后世的，象尧、舜、禹、汤、周文王他们就是这样。所以说：‘真正得道、体道，掌握了规律的人，就可以主宰一切。’那些在上能窥见事物的本源，在下能通晓事物的流变，了解事物很透彻的最圣明的人，怎么会遭到削弱、困窘、受辱等灾祸呢？《老子》说：‘贵必以贱为根本，高必以下为基础。所以，侯王自称孤、寡、不谷，这不正是贵为贱的根本吗？难道不是吗？’所谓孤、寡，就是人们处于困窘、卑贱的地位。可是侯、王自己称孤道寡，难道不是侯、王谦居人下、重视士人的证明吗？尧传位于舜，舜传位于禹，周成王任用周公旦，世世代代都赞扬他们为英明的君主。这正是因为他们深知士人的可贵。”
注释： 稍稍：渐渐。实：指居上位所应该具备的素质。以：而。为名：有（居上位的）名声。据慢：倨慢，傲慢无礼。约：受阻。握：通“渥”，厚重。九佐：九位辅佐尧治理国家的官员。亟：数，频繁。无形者，形之君：无形可见的东西，是有形可见的东西的主宰。至圣人：一本作“至圣”。不谷：不善。用以自称，表谦恭之意。非：一本无此字，于文义为顺。
宣王曰：“嗟乎！君子焉可侮哉，寡人自取病耳！及今闻君子之言，乃今闻细人之行，愿请受为弟子。且颜先生与寡人游，食必太牢，出必乘车，妻子衣服。” 颜斶辞去曰：“夫玉生于山，制则破焉，非弗宝贵矣，然大璞不完。士生乎鄙野，推选则禄焉，非不得尊遂也，然而形神不全。斶愿得归，晚食以当肉，安步以当车，无罪以当贵，清静贞正以自虞。制言者王也，尽忠直言者斶也。言要道已备矣，愿得赐归，安行而反臣之邑屋。”则再拜而辞去也。斶知足矣，归反朴，则终身不辱也。
君子曰：“斶知足矣，归真返璞，则终身不辱。”
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公羊高《
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宋人及楚人平》
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佚名《
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晋献公杀世子申生》
佚名简介
唐代·佚名的简介
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